Divide your period sales by average inventory to see how many times stock turns; U.S. retailers record about 3.5 annual turns (U.S. Census Bureau, https://www.census.gov/retail/). Use a higher ratio to flag leaner, cash-efficient operations.
Divide EBIT by interest expense to see how comfortably your firm pays interest; a ratio above 3 signals solid coverage (Investopedia, 2023).
Holding-period return (HPR) shows the exact percentage gain or loss you earned over every period you held an asset. Enter each period’s decimal return, press “Calculate,” and the tool multiplies them, subtracts one, and displays your cumulative result. A 2 %, −1 %, 3 % sequence, for example, compounds to 4.01 %. U.S. stocks have delivered roughly 10 % average annual returns since 1926 (Morningstar, 2023).
Use the calculator by entering the first cash flow, the discount rate, and the expected growth rate; it instantly applies the Gordon formula to give present value. Over 90 % of equity analysts rely on dividend-discount variants for stock valuation (CFA Institute, 2022).
Present value tells you what escalating cash-flows are worth now. Example: a first payment of $1,500 growing 3 % for 12 years equals roughly $14,556 today at a 6 % discount rate. Average U.S. inflation has been 3.1 % since 1913 (BLS CPI).
Use the Growing Annuity Payment Calculator to find the first contribution needed when your deposits rise each period. Enter future value, return rate, payment-growth rate and number of periods; the tool instantly outputs the starting payment using a proven finance formula. Average 401(k) contributions already rise about 6 % per year (Vanguard 2023), so modeling growing payments reflects real-world saving habits.
Use this calculator to find the first payment of a growing annuity: enter present value, interest rate, growth rate, and periods; it returns the starting payment that will rise each period. Average U.S. inflation has been 3.2 % per year since 1914 (BLS CPI, 2023), so matching your growth rate to that figure maintains purchasing power.
The tool converts a stream of rising payments into a single future value using the growing-annuity formula. Enter the first payment, interest rate, payment-growth rate and number of periods; the calculator then applies $$FV = P times rac{(1+r)^n-(1+g)^n}{r-g}$$. Example: $750 growing 1.5 % with 3.8 % interest for 12 years becomes ≈ $12,016.28. Long-term U.S. stocks returned ~10 % annually 1926-2022, a common benchmark for r (S&P Dow Jones Indices, 2023).
Use the calculator to input sales revenue and cost of goods sold; it instantly returns your gross profit margin so you know what share of every sales dollar becomes profit. Across U-S industries, the average gross margin is about 36 % (CSI Market, 2023).
